The ‘kafala’ system is understood today as both an administrative apparatus to regulate migrant workers through a ‘sponsorship’ system, as well as a brutal ‘employment’ position for Migrant Domestic Workers (MDWs) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) and in the Arab states of Jordan and Lebanon (Dermitzaki and Riewendt, 2020).
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